Institution: Retired, USDA Forest Service
Hubbard Brook Role: Investigator
Phone: (207) 805 4848
Email: rustad@maine.edu
LindsayRustad.w

Research Interests

My overall research interests are to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on forested ecosystems of Northeastern North America, with an emphasis on acidic deposition and climate change. More specifically, I am interested in synthesis of existing data and efforts to increase communication and collaboration amongst regional, national and international global change scientists, evaluation of the effects of extreme weather events, such as ice storms and droughts, on forests of the northeastern United States, development and applications of advanced environmental systems, and the integration of art and science to better understand pattern and process in large ecological data sets and share this information with a broader audience.

Hubbard Brook Publications by this Author

4549695 rustad_l 1 apa 50 date desc 433 https://hubbardbrook.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%2269C3J8V3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A10384167%2C%22username%22%3A%22ctsolomon%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fctsolomon%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fahey%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-09-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BFahey%2C%20R.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schaberg%2C%20P.%20G.%20%282025%29.%20Trajectories%20of%20forest%20composition%2C%20structure%2C%20and%20productivity%20following%20an%20experimental%20ice%20storm%20disturbance.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCanadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0044%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0044%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Trajectories%20of%20forest%20composition%2C%20structure%2C%20and%20productivity%20following%20an%20experimental%20ice%20storm%20disturbance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Disturbance%20creates%20structural%20legacies%20that%20are%20important%20drivers%20of%20functional%20and%20compositional%20stability%20in%20forested%20ecosystems.%20We%20used%20an%20experimental%20ice%20storm%20disturbance%20to%20evaluate%20effects%20of%20disturbance%20severity%20on%20structural%20legacies%20and%20their%20functional%20consequences.%20We%20evaluated%20canopy%20structural%20characteristics%20%28height%2C%20density%2C%20openness%2C%20and%20complexity%29%20before%20and%20after%20disturbance%20using%20data%20from%20terrestrial%20lidar.%20We%20compared%20trajectories%20of%20structural%20characteristics%20and%20functional%20outcomes%20%28composition%2C%20mortality%2C%20and%20productivity%29%20among%20treatments%20and%20relative%20to%20controls.%20We%20found%20significant%20post-disturbance%20change%20for%20all%20canopy%20structural%20characteristics%20especially%20at%20higher%20severity%20levels%2C%20with%20persistent%20legacy%20effects%20on%20mean%20canopy%20height%20and%20canopy%20complexity.%20There%20were%20limited%20changes%20in%20biomass%2C%20productivity%2C%20and%20composition%20and%20mortality%20did%20not%20vary%20significantly%20among%20treatments.%20There%20was%20limited%20evidence%20for%20linkages%20between%20structural%20and%20functional%20responses%2C%20but%20plots%20that%20retained%20greater%20complexity%20had%20higher%20stability%20of%20net%20primary%20productivity.%20Our%20findings%20indicate%20persistent%20structural%20legacies%20associated%20with%20ice%20storm%20disturbance%2C%20but%20declining%20structural%20legacies%20over%20time%20may%20affect%20interactions%20with%20subsequent%20disturbance%20or%20stressors.%20Improved%20understanding%20of%20these%20trajectories%20could%20help%20with%20predicting%20outcomes%20of%20changing%20disturbance%20regimes%20associated%20with%20global%20change.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-09-09%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0044%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fcdnsciencepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0044%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220045-5067%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-20T15%3A30%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2226RTYUGS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Caron%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-05-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCaron%2C%20S.%20B.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Leonardi%2C%20B.%2C%20Reinmann%2C%20A.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Templer%2C%20P.%20H.%20%282025%29.%20Shallow%20snowpack%20and%20early%20snowmelt%20reduce%20nitrogen%20availability%20in%20the%20northern%20hardwood%20forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiogeochemistry%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B168%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%2049.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-025-01239-2%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-025-01239-2%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Shallow%20snowpack%20and%20early%20snowmelt%20reduce%20nitrogen%20availability%20in%20the%20northern%20hardwood%20forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brendan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leonardi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reinmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoff%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-05-13%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10533-025-01239-2%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-025-01239-2%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221573-515X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-02-02T21%3A19%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224IT2DK3K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Caron%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCaron%2C%20S.%20B.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20A.%2C%20Cleavitt%2C%20N.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20T.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Leonardi%2C%20B.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Templer%2C%20P.%20H.%20%282025%29.%20Links%20between%20litter%20quality%20and%20nitrogen%20oligotrophication%20in%20a%20northern%20hardwood%20forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCanadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B55%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B13.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0037%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0037%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Links%20between%20litter%20quality%20and%20nitrogen%20oligotrophication%20in%20a%20northern%20hardwood%20forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cleavitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brendan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leonardi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Declining%20nitrogen%20%28N%29%20availability%20relative%20to%20plant%20demand%2C%20known%20as%20N%20oligotrophication%2C%20is%20a%20widespread%20phenomenon%20that%20has%20been%20particularly%20well%20documented%20in%20northern%20hardwood%20forests%20of%20the%20northeast%20U.S.%20It%20is%20hypothesized%20that%20later%20fall%20senescence%20contributes%20to%20this%20trend%20by%20increasing%20tree%20resorption%20of%20N%2C%20resulting%20in%20higher%20carbon%3Anitrogen%20ratios%20%28C%3AN%29%20in%20litterfall%20and%20reduced%20N%20availability%20in%20soil.%20To%20examine%20the%20effects%20of%20litterfall%20C%3AN%20on%20soil%20N%20cycling%2C%20we%20conducted%20a%20litter%20quality%20manipulation%20experiment%20comparing%20low%20C%3AN%20and%20high%20C%3AN%20litter%20with%20native%20litter%20along%20an%20elevation%20and%20aspect%20gradient%20at%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%2C%20NH%2C%20USA.%20We%20found%20that%20potential%20net%20ammonification%20and%20mineralization%20rates%20were%20positively%20correlated%20with%20litter%20N%20and%20negatively%20correlated%20with%20litter%20C%3AN%20under%20high%20C%3AN%20litter%2C%20but%20these%20relationships%20were%20not%20present%20under%20native%20or%20low%20C%3AN%20litter.%20Differences%20in%20nitrate%20pools%20and%20net%20mineralization%20rates%20between%20high-%20and%20low-quality%20litter%20treatments%20were%20greater%20at%20colder%20sites%2C%20where%20native%20litterfall%20tends%20to%20have%20lower%20C%3AN%20than%20at%20low-elevation%20sites.%20Together%2C%20these%20results%20demonstrate%20that%20higher%20C%3AN%20litter%20and%20a%20warming%20climate%20may%20contribute%20to%20N%20oligotrophication%20through%20effects%20on%20microbially%20driven%20N%20cycling%20rates%20in%20organic%20soils.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0037%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fcdnsciencepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2025-0037%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220045-5067%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-02-02T21%3A14%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LFISSE6T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rustad%20and%20Leuenberger%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRustad%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Leuenberger%2C%20W.%20%282024%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BIce%20Storms%3A%20Not%20as%20Cool%20as%20They%20Seem%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Frontiers%20for%20Young%20Minds.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fkids.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffrym.2024.1371125%5C%2Ffull%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fkids.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffrym.2024.1371125%5C%2Ffull%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ice%20Storms%3A%20Not%20as%20Cool%20as%20They%20Seem%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wendy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leuenberger%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ice%20storms%20might%20sound%20fascinating%2C%20but%20for%20forests%2C%20they%20are%20not%20as%20cool%20as%20they%20seem%21%20Ice%20storms%20happen%20when%20freezing%20rain%20coats%20trees%2C%20branches%2C%20and%20the%20forest%20floor%20in%20a%20shiny%2C%20frozen%20glaze.%20These%20storms%20can%20be%20a%20big%20deal%20because%20they%20can%20affect%20our%20forests%20and%20the%20things%20we%20care%20about%2C%20like%2C%20wood%2C%20wildlife%2C%20and%20places%20for%20recreation.%20Despite%20this%2C%20we%20do%20not%20know%20very%20much%20about%20how%20ice%20storms%20affect%20forests.%20Scientists%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%2C%20New%20Hampshire%20%28USA%29%2C%20decided%20to%20learn%20more.%20They%20used%20fire-fighting%20pumps%20and%20hoses%20to%20create%20experimental%20ice%20storms%20in%20the%20forest%20during%20the%20winters%20of%202016%20and%202017.%20They%20found%20that%20these%20experimental%20storms%20caused%20a%20lot%20of%20short-%20and%20long-term%20damage%20to%20trees%2C%20including%20breaking%20of%20twigs%20and%20branches.%20In%20a%20nutshell%2C%20ice%20storms%20are%20not%20just%20about%20frozen%20beauty%5Cu2014they%20have%20real%20consequences%20for%20our%20forests%20and%20species%20that%20are%20not%20used%20to%20ice%21%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fkids.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffrym.2024.1371125%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-08T15%3A55%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224VV5I8CW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rustad%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-06-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Adams%2C%20M.%20B.%2C%20Dymond%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20Gregory%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Miniat%2C%20C.%20F.%20%282023%29.%20Perspectives%20on%20the%20contributions%20of%20women%20to%20the%20hydrologic%20sciences%20and%20their%20changing%20demographics%20at%20USDA%20Forest%20Service%20Experimental%20Forests%20and%20Ranges.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Hydrology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B621%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20129469.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2023.129469%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2023.129469%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Perspectives%20on%20the%20contributions%20of%20women%20to%20the%20hydrologic%20sciences%20and%20their%20changing%20demographics%20at%20USDA%20Forest%20Service%20Experimental%20Forests%20and%20Ranges%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%20Beth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Salli%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dymond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Margaret%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gregory%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chelcy%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miniat%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20increase%20in%20the%20frequency%20and%20severity%20of%20water%20crises%20around%20the%20world%20necessitates%20maintaining%20or%20augmenting%20investments%20in%20the%20hydrologic%20sciences%2C%20including%20in%20a%20trained%2C%20diverse%20workforce.%20The%20USDA%20Forest%20Service%20operates%20a%20network%20of%2085%20Experimental%20Forests%20and%20Ranges%2C%20Experimental%20Watersheds%2C%20and%20cooperating%20sites%20%28EFRs%29%2C%2031%20of%20which%20include%20long-term%20hydrologic%20studies%20%28HydroEFRs%29.%20The%20HydroEFRs%20are%20centers%20for%20hydrologic%20science%20and%20education%20and%20play%20a%20key%20role%20informing%20watershed%20policy%20and%20management.%20The%20goals%20of%20this%20study%20were%20to%20understand%20%281%29%20how%2C%20broadly%2C%20the%20women%20associated%20with%20the%20HydroEFRs%20%28including%20women%20in%20the%20Forest%20Service%20workforce%20and%20women%20with%20cooperating%20agencies%20or%20universities%20who%20have%20worked%20at%20HydroEFRs%29%20have%20contributed%20to%20hydrologic%20sciences%20and%20%282%29%20how%2C%20more%20specifically%2C%20the%20number%20and%20roles%20of%20women%20in%20the%20Forest%20Service%20workforce%20associated%20with%20the%20HydroEFRs%20have%20changed%20over%20time.%20Data%20were%20collected%20from%20the%20EFR%20Data%20Explorer%2C%20the%20USDA%20Forest%20Service%20Human%20Resources%20Management%20%28HRM%29%20Data%20Metrics%20and%20Analysis%20Team%20%28DMAT%29%2C%20literature%20reviews%2C%20and%20questionnaires%20to%20USDA%20EFR%20scientists-in-charge%20and%20to%20women%20who%20were%20or%20had%20been%20involved%20in%20hydrologic%20sciences%20at%20EFRs.%20Results%20showed%20that%20women%20associated%20with%20the%20HydroEFRs%20have%20made%20significant%20contributions%20to%20the%20hydrologic%20sciences%2C%20including%20authoring%20or%20co-authoring%20over%203%2C000%20publications%2C%20with%20over%20170%2C000%20citations%20since%201977%20and%20an%20H-index%20of%20181.%20In%20their%20own%20words%2C%20the%20women%20indicated%20that%20they%20were%20also%20active%20in%20contributing%20to%20hydrologic%20fieldwork%2C%20providing%20stewardship%20for%20long-term%20data%2C%20and%20contributing%20to%20the%20social%20capital%20of%20the%20HydroEFRs%20through%20teamwork%2C%20collaboration%2C%20and%20mentoring.%20For%20the%20Forest%20Service%2C%20trends%20in%20employment%20records%20from%201992%20through%202021%20showed%20a%2055%25%20contraction%20of%20the%20entire%20FS%20R%26amp%3BD%20workforce%2C%20including%20a%2059%25%20loss%20in%20the%20number%20of%20women%20in%20the%20FS%20R%26amp%3BD%20workforce%2C%20a%2050%25%20loss%20in%20the%20number%20of%20women%20associated%20with%20HydroEFR%20duty%20stations%2C%20and%20a%2026%25%20loss%20in%20the%20number%20of%20women%20in%20hydrology%20positions.%20During%20this%20period%2C%20there%20was%20a%20greater%20loss%20of%20both%20women%20and%20men%20in%20lower-graded%20positions%20relative%20to%20higher-graded%20positions%20in%20the%20FS%20R%26amp%3BD%20workforce%2C%20with%20serial%20implications%20for%20the%20ability%20of%20the%20workforce%20to%20collect%20data%2C%20produce%20basic%20science%20publications%2C%20and%20conduct%20syntheses.%20Although%20the%20ratio%20of%20women%3Amen%20declined%20across%20the%20Forest%20Service%20and%20FS%20R%26amp%3BD%2C%20the%20ratio%20of%20women%3Amen%20increased%20at%20the%20HydroEFRs%20%28driven%20by%20a%20higher%20ratio%20of%20women%3Amen%20at%20higher%20grade%20levels%29%20and%20for%20management%20positions%20within%20FS%20R%26amp%3BD%20and%20at%20the%20HydroEFRs.When%20asked%2C%20women%20valued%20their%20contributions%20to%20the%20hydrologic%20sciences%20and%20envisioned%20a%20more%20equitable%20future%20for%20women%20in%20hydrology.%20Overall%2C%20results%20show%20that%20HydroEFRs%20have%20played%20an%20important%20role%20in%20advancing%20the%20careers%20of%20women%20in%20the%20hydrologic%20sciences%2C%20who%2C%20in%20turn%2C%20have%20contributed%20to%20the%20groundbreaking%20hydrologic%20research%20that%20occurs%20at%20these%20long-term%20research%20sites.%20As%20water%20crises%20around%20the%20world%20continue%20to%20escalate%2C%20building%20a%20strong%2C%20diverse%20workforce%20in%20the%20hydrologic%20sciences%20and%20supporting%20the%20places%20where%20they%20can%20conduct%20their%20research%20is%20important.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-06-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2023.129469%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0022169423004110%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-1694%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-07-10T15%3A15%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227343UF2Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yancey%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BYancey%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20Juice%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Classen%2C%20A.%20T.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Adair%2C%20E.%20C.%20%282023%29.%20The%20impact%20of%20ice%20storms%20on%20mycorrhizal%20fungi%20varies%20by%20season%20and%20mycorrhizal%20type%20in%20a%20hardwood%20forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEcosphere%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B14%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285%29%2C%20e4526.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fecs2.4526%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fecs2.4526%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20impact%20of%20ice%20storms%20on%20mycorrhizal%20fungi%20varies%20by%20season%20and%20mycorrhizal%20type%20in%20a%20hardwood%20forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yancey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juice%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Classen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20Carol%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adair%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Extreme%20weather%20events%2C%20such%20as%20ice%20storms%2C%20are%20increasing%20and%20have%20potentially%20large%20impacts%20on%20forests%2C%20including%20belowground%20structures%20such%20as%20fine%20roots%20and%20mycorrhizal%20fungi.%20Many%20forest%20trees%20rely%20on%20the%20mutualistic%20relationship%20between%20mycorrhizal%20fungi%20and%20plants%3B%20a%20relationship%20that%2C%20when%20disrupted%2C%20can%20negatively%20impact%20tree%20net%20primary%20productivity.%20We%20took%20advantage%20of%20a%20large-scale%20ice%20storm%20manipulation%20in%20the%20northeastern%20United%20States%20to%20test%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20increasing%20ice%20storm%20intensity%20and%20frequency%20would%20reduce%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20root%20tips%20per%20unit%20root%20length%20and%20arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungal%20structures%20per%20unit%20root%20length%2C%20hereafter%20colonization.%20We%20found%20that%20ice%20storm%20intensity%20reduced%20spring%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20and%20arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungal%20colonization.%20However%2C%20these%20patterns%20changed%20in%20the%20fall%2C%20where%20ice%20storm%20intensity%20still%20reduced%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20root%20tips%2C%20but%20arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungal%20colonization%20was%20higher%20in%20ice%20storm%20treatments%20than%20controls.%20The%20amount%20of%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20root%20tips%20and%20arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungal%20colonization%20differed%20seasonally%3A%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20root%20tips%20were%201.7%5Cu00d7%20higher%20in%20the%20spring%20than%20in%20the%20fall%2C%20while%20arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungal%20colonization%20was%203%5Cu00d7%20higher%20in%20the%20fall%20than%20in%20the%20spring.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20mycorrhizal%20fungal%20colonization%20responses%20to%20ice%20storm%20severity%20vary%20temporally%20and%20by%20mycorrhizal%20fungal%20type.%20Further%2C%20arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungi%20may%20recover%20from%20ice%20storms%20relatively%20quickly%2C%20potentially%20aiding%20forests%20in%20their%20recovery%2C%20whereas%20ice%20storms%20may%20have%20a%20long%20lasting%20impact%20on%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungi.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fecs2.4526%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fecs2.4526%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222150-8925%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-07-10T15%3A15%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QYSGDKFQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A10384167%2C%22username%22%3A%22ctsolomon%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fctsolomon%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Torresan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-03-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BTorresan%2C%20C.%2C%20Benito%20Garz%26%23xF3%3Bn%2C%20M.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BGrady%2C%20M.%2C%20Robson%2C%20T.%20M.%2C%20Picchi%2C%20G.%2C%20Panzacchi%2C%20P.%2C%20Tomelleri%2C%20E.%2C%20Smith%2C%20M.%2C%20Marshall%2C%20J.%2C%20Wingate%2C%20L.%2C%20Tognetti%2C%20R.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Kneeshaw%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20A%20new%20generation%20of%20sensors%20and%20monitoring%20tools%20to%20support%20climate-smart%20forestry%20practices.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCanadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B15.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2020-0295%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2020-0295%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20new%20generation%20of%20sensors%20and%20monitoring%20tools%20to%20support%20climate-smart%20forestry%20practices%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chiara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Torresan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benito%20Garz%5Cu00f3n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Grady%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gianni%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Picchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pietro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Panzacchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Enrico%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tomelleri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marshall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wingate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roberto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tognetti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kneeshaw%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22March%2016%2C%202021%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2020-0295%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fcdnsciencepub.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2020-0295%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220045-5067%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A56%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22589D5G5I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A10384167%2C%22username%22%3A%22ctsolomon%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fctsolomon%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Leuenberger%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLeuenberger%2C%20W.%2C%20Cohen%2C%20J.%20B.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Wallin%2C%20K.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Parry%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Short-Term%20Increase%20in%20Abundance%20of%20Foliage-Gleaning%20Insectivorous%20Birds%20Following%20Experimental%20Ice%20Storms%20in%20a%20Northern%20Hardwood%20Forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Forests%20and%20Global%20Change%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B3%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Fffgc.2020.566376%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Fffgc.2020.566376%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Short-Term%20Increase%20in%20Abundance%20of%20Foliage-Gleaning%20Insectivorous%20Birds%20Following%20Experimental%20Ice%20Storms%20in%20a%20Northern%20Hardwood%20Forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wendy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leuenberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cohen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kimberly%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wallin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dylan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Large-scale%20disturbances%20such%20as%20ice%20storms%20may%20increase%20in%20frequency%20and%20intensity%20as%20climate%20changes.%20While%20disturbances%20are%20a%20natural%20component%20of%20forest%20ecosystems%2C%20climatically%20driven%20alteration%20to%20historical%20patterns%20may%20impart%20fundamental%20change%20to%20ecosystem%20function.%20At%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%2C%20NH%2C%20experimental%20ice%20storms%20of%20varying%20severity%20were%20applied%20to%20replicate%20plots%20of%20mature%20northern%20hardwoods%20to%20quantify%20their%20effects%20on%20forested%20ecosystems.%20We%20assessed%20ice%20storm%20treatment%20effects%20on%20insectivorous%20foliage-gleaning%20birds%20and%20their%20interactions%20with%20larval%20Lepidoptera.%20These%20birds%20are%20charismatic%2C%20of%20conservation%20concern%2C%20and%20are%20a%20major%20predator%20of%20caterpillars.%20In%20turn%2C%20lepidopterans%20are%20the%20dominant%20herbivores%20in%20temperate%20forests%20and%20are%20integral%20to%20ecosystem%20function.%20We%20predicted%20that%20avian%20abundance%20would%20increase%20due%20to%20additional%20structural%20heterogeneity%20caused%20by%20ice%20treatments%2C%20with%20a%20concomitant%20increase%20in%20caterpillar%20predation.%20Point%20counts%20were%20used%20to%20measure%20insectivorous%20bird%20activity%20in%20the%20ice%20storm%20experiment%20plots%20and%20additional%20control%20plots%20before%20and%20after%20treatments.%20We%20deployed%20and%20retrieved%20plasticine%20model%20caterpillars%20and%20estimated%20predation%20from%20characteristic%20marks%20to%20these%20surrogates.%20Abundance%20of%20foliage-gleaning%20birds%20was%20higher%20in%20the%20ice%20storm%20plots%20and%20birds%20responded%20to%20treatments%20as%20a%20single%20diffuse%20disturbance%20rather%20than%20on%20an%20individual%20plot%20level.%20All%20species%20except%20one%20were%20observed%20both%20before%20and%20after%20the%20ice%20treatments.%20Surprisingly%2C%20predation%20on%20caterpillar%20models%20was%20unaffected%20by%20ice%20storm%20treatments%20but%20rather%20was%20a%20function%20of%20caterpillar%20density.%20The%20increase%20in%20avian%20abundance%20in%20the%20ice%20storm%20treatment%20plots%20corroborates%20other%20studies%20of%20bird%20responses%20to%20relatively%20small-scale%20disturbances%20in%20forests%20and%20the%20limited%20change%20in%20species%20composition%20was%20expected%20given%20the%20plot%20size.%20We%20conclude%20that%20ice%20storms%20may%20provide%20beneficial%20changes%20for%20foliage-gleaning%20birds%20in%20the%20growing%20season%20following%20the%20disturbance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Fffgc.2020.566376%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Fffgc.2020.566376%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222624-893X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KZUCABYJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A10384167%2C%22username%22%3A%22ctsolomon%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fctsolomon%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Swanson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSwanson%2C%20F.%20J.%2C%20Foster%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Thompson%2C%20J.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%20%282021%29.%20How%20LTER%20Site%20Communities%20Can%20Address%20Major%20Environmental%20Challenges.%20In%20R.%20B.%20Waide%20%26amp%3B%20S.%20E.%20Kingsland%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Challenges%20of%20Long%20Term%20Ecological%20Research%3A%20A%20Historical%20Analysis%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%20223%26%23x2013%3B241%29.%20Springer%20International%20Publishing.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-66933-1_8%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-66933-1_8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20LTER%20Site%20Communities%20Can%20Address%20Major%20Environmental%20Challenges%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frederick%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swanson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waide%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sharon%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kingsland%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Long-term%2C%20place-based%20research%20programs%20in%20the%20National%20Science%20Foundation-supported%20Long%20Term%20Ecological%20Research%20%28LTER%29%20Network%20have%20had%20profound%20effects%20on%20public%20policies%20and%20practices%20in%20land%20use%2C%20conservation%2C%20and%20the%20environment.%20While%20less%20well%20known%20than%20their%20contributions%20to%20fundamental%20ecological%20science%2C%20LTER%20programs%5Cu2019%20commitment%20to%20serving%20broad%20public%20interests%20has%20been%20key%20to%20helping%20achieve%20their%20mission%20to%20advance%20basic%20science%20that%20supports%20society%5Cu2019s%20need%20to%20address%20major%20environmental%20challenges.%20Several%20attributes%20of%20all%20LTER%20programs%20are%20critical%20to%20these%20accomplishments%3A%20highly%20credible%20science%2C%20strong%20site-level%20leadership%2C%20long-term%20environmental%20measurements%20of%20ecosystem%20attributes%20that%20are%20relevant%20to%20the%20public%20and%20to%20resource%20managers%2C%20and%20effective%20and%20accessible%20information%20that%20supports%20sound%20management%20practices.%20Less%20recognized%20attributes%20of%20three%20case%20study%20LTER%20sites%20%28Andrews%20Forest%2C%20Harvard%20Forest%2C%20Hubbard%20Brook%29%20which%20have%20contributed%20to%20major%20impacts%20include%20strong%20interdisciplinary%20research%20communities%20with%20cultures%20of%20openness%2C%20dispersed%20leadership%20within%20those%20communities%2C%20a%20commitment%20to%20carry%20science%20perspectives%20to%20society%20through%20multiple%20governance%20processes%2C%20strong%20public-private%20partnerships%2C%20and%20communications%20programs%20that%20facilitate%20the%20exchange%20of%20information%20and%20perspectives%20among%20science%20communities%2C%20policy-makers%2C%20land%20managers%2C%20and%20the%20public.%20Taken%20together%2C%20these%20attributes%20of%20sites%20drive%20on-the-ground%20outcomes.%20These%20case%20studies%20reveal%20a%20virtue%20of%20the%20long-term%20nature%20of%20LTER%20not%20anticipated%20when%20the%20program%20began%3A%20that%20the%20decades-long%20engagement%20of%20a%20place-based%2C%20science%20community%20can%20have%20a%20major%20impact%20on%20environmental%20policies%20and%20practices.%20These%20activities%2C%20and%20the%20cultivation%20of%20science%20communities%20that%20can%20accomplish%20them%2C%20go%20beyond%20the%20initial%20directives%20and%20review%20criteria%20for%20LTER%20site%20proposals%20and%20programs.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22The%20Challenges%20of%20Long%20Term%20Ecological%20Research%3A%20A%20Historical%20Analysis%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22originalDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPublisher%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22format%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-030-66933-1%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-66933-1_8%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-66933-1_8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CC3RX4NI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campbell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCampbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20S.%20W.%2C%20Bernhardt%2C%20E.%20S.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Green%2C%20M.%20B.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Lovett%2C%20G.%20M.%2C%20McDowell%2C%20W.%20H.%2C%20McGuire%2C%20K.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rosi%2C%20E.%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Watershed%20studies%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%3A%20Building%20on%20a%20long%20legacy%20of%20research%20with%20new%20approaches%20and%20sources%20of%20data.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHydrological%20Processes%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B35%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20e14016.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14016%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2Fhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14016%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Watershed%20studies%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%3A%20Building%20on%20a%20long%20legacy%20of%20research%20with%20new%20approaches%20and%20sources%20of%20data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bernhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Green%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lovett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDowell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGuire%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%20%28HBEF%29%20was%20established%20in%201955%20by%20the%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20Agriculture%2C%20Forest%20Service%20out%20of%20concerns%20about%20the%20effects%20of%20logging%20increasing%20flooding%20and%20erosion.%20To%20address%20this%20issue%2C%20within%20the%20HBEF%20hydrological%20and%20micrometeorological%20monitoring%20was%20initiated%20in%20small%20watersheds%20designated%20for%20harvesting%20experiments.%20The%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Ecosystem%20Study%20%28HBES%29%20originated%20in%201963%2C%20with%20the%20idea%20of%20using%20the%20small%20watershed%20approach%20to%20study%20element%20fluxes%20and%20cycling%20and%20the%20response%20of%20forest%20ecosystems%20to%20disturbances%2C%20such%20as%20forest%20management%20practices%20and%20air%20pollution.%20Early%20evidence%20of%20acid%20rain%20was%20documented%20at%20the%20HBEF%20and%20research%20by%20scientists%20at%20the%20site%20helped%20shape%20acid%20rain%20mitigation%20policies.%20New%20lines%20of%20investigation%20at%20the%20HBEF%20have%20built%20on%20the%20long%20legacy%20of%20watershed%20research%20resulting%20in%20a%20shift%20from%20comparing%20inputs%20and%20outputs%20and%20quantifying%20pools%20and%20fluxes%20to%20a%20more%20mechanistic%20understanding%20of%20ecosystem%20processes%20within%20watersheds.%20For%20example%2C%20hydropedological%20studies%20have%20shed%20light%20on%20linkages%20between%20hydrologic%20flow%20paths%20and%20soil%20development%20that%20provide%20valuable%20perspective%20for%20managing%20forests%20and%20understanding%20stream%20water%20quality.%20New%20high%20frequency%20in%20situ%20stream%20chemistry%20sensors%20are%20providing%20insights%20about%20extreme%20events%20and%20diurnal%20patterns%20that%20were%20indiscernible%20with%20traditional%20weekly%20sampling.%20Additionally%2C%20tools%20are%20being%20developed%20for%20visual%20and%20auditory%20data%20exploration%20and%20discovery%20by%20a%20broad%20audience.%20Given%20the%20unprecedented%20environmental%20change%20that%20is%20occurring%2C%20data%20from%20the%20small%20watersheds%20at%20the%20HBEF%20are%20more%20relevant%20now%20than%20ever%20and%20will%20continue%20to%20serve%20as%20a%20basis%20for%20sound%20environmental%20decision-making.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14016%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhyp.14016%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221099-1085%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A09%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RDJUIWLI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A10384167%2C%22username%22%3A%22ctsolomon%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fctsolomon%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rustad%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-09-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Schaberg%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20Hawley%2C%20G.%20J.%2C%20Halm%2C%20I.%2C%20Bowles%2C%20F.%2C%20Leuenberger%2C%20W.%2C%20Schwaner%2C%20G.%2C%20Winant%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Leonardi%2C%20B.%20%282020%29.%20Experimental%20approach%20and%20initial%20forest%20response%20to%20a%20simulated%20ice%20storm%20experiment%20in%20a%20northern%20hardwood%20forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPLOS%20ONE%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B15%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%20e0239619.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0239619%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0239619%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Experimental%20approach%20and%20initial%20forest%20response%20to%20a%20simulated%20ice%20storm%20experiment%20in%20a%20northern%20hardwood%20forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Halm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wendy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leuenberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schwaner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gabriel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brendan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leonardi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ice%20storms%20are%20a%20type%20of%20extreme%20winter%20weather%20event%20common%20to%20north%20temperate%20and%20boreal%20forests%20worldwide.%20Recent%20climate%20modelling%20studies%20suggest%20that%20these%20storms%20may%20become%20more%20frequent%20and%20severe%20under%20a%20changing%20climate.%20Compared%20to%20other%20types%20of%20storm%20events%2C%20relatively%20little%20is%20known%20about%20the%20direct%20and%20indirect%20impacts%20of%20these%20storms%20on%20forests%2C%20as%20naturally%20occurring%20ice%20storms%20are%20inherently%20difficult%20to%20study.%20Here%20we%20describe%20a%20novel%20experimental%20approach%20used%20to%20create%20a%20suite%20of%20ice%20storms%20in%20a%20mature%20hardwood%20forest%20in%20New%20Hampshire%2C%20USA.%20The%20experiment%20included%20five%20ice%20storm%20intensities%20%280%2C%206.4%2C%2012.7%20and%2019.1%20mm%20radial%20ice%20accretion%29%20applied%20in%20a%20single%20year%2C%20and%20one%20ice%20storm%20intensity%20%2812.7%20mm%29%20applied%20in%20two%20consecutive%20years.%20Results%20demonstrate%20the%20feasibility%20of%20this%20approach%20for%20creating%20experimental%20ice%20storms%2C%20quantify%20the%20increase%20in%20fine%20and%20coarse%20woody%20debris%20mass%20and%20nutrients%20transferred%20from%20the%20forest%20canopy%20to%20the%20soil%20under%20the%20different%20icing%20conditions%2C%20and%20show%20an%20increase%20in%20the%20damage%20to%20the%20forest%20canopy%20with%20increasing%20icing%20that%20evolves%20over%20time.%20In%20this%20forest%2C%20little%20damage%20occurred%20below%206.4%20mm%20radial%20ice%20accretion%2C%20moderate%20damage%20occurred%20with%20up%20to%2012.7%20mm%20of%20accretion%2C%20and%20significant%20branch%20breakage%20and%20canopy%20damage%20occurred%20with%2019.1%20mm%20of%20ice.%20The%20icing%20in%20consecutive%20years%20demonstrated%20an%20interactive%20effect%20of%20ice%20storm%20frequency%20and%20severity%20such%20that%20some%20branches%20damaged%20in%20the%20first%20year%20of%20icing%20appeared%20to%20remain%20in%20the%20canopy%20and%20then%20fall%20to%20the%20ground%20in%20the%20second%20year%20of%20icing.%20These%20results%20have%20implications%20for%20National%20Weather%20Service%20ice%20storm%20warning%20levels%2C%20as%20they%20provide%20a%20quantitative%20assessment%20of%20ice-load%20related%20inputs%20of%20forest%20debris%20that%20will%20be%20useful%20to%20municipalities%20creating%20response%20plans%20for%20current%20and%20future%20ice%20storms.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%2025%2C%202020%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0239619%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.plos.org%5C%2Fplosone%5C%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0239619%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A23%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TAJ5JMX6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A10384167%2C%22username%22%3A%22ctsolomon%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fctsolomon%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campbell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-09-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCampbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Garlick%2C%20S.%2C%20Newman%2C%20N.%2C%20Stanovick%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Halm%2C%20I.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Barjenbruch%2C%20B.%20L.%2C%20Burakowski%2C%20E.%2C%20Hilberg%2C%20S.%20D.%2C%20Sanders%2C%20K.%20J.%2C%20Shafer%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Doesken%2C%20N.%20J.%20%282020%29.%20A%20Comparison%20of%20Low-Cost%20Collector%20Configurations%20for%20Quantifying%20Ice%20Accretion.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Applied%20Meteorology%20and%20Climatology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B59%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%201429%26%23x2013%3B1442.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FJAMC-D-19-0280.1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FJAMC-D-19-0280.1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Comparison%20of%20Low-Cost%20Collector%20Configurations%20for%20Quantifying%20Ice%20Accretion%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garlick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Noah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanovick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Halm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barjenbruch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burakowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hilberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristopher%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanders%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jason%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shafer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nolan%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doesken%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bsection%20class%3D%26quot%3Babstract%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bh2%20class%3D%26quot%3BabstractTitle%20text-title%20my-1%26quot%3B%20id%3D%26quot%3Bd390e2%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAbstract%26lt%3B%5C%2Fh2%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bp%26gt%3BIce%20storms%20are%20important%20winter%20weather%20events%20that%20can%20have%20substantial%20environmental%2C%20economic%2C%20and%20social%20impacts.%20Mapping%20and%20assessment%20of%20damage%20after%20these%20events%20could%20be%20improved%20by%20making%20ice%20accretion%20measurements%20at%20a%20greater%20number%20of%20sites%20than%20is%20currently%20available.%20There%20is%20a%20need%20for%20low-cost%20collectors%20that%20can%20be%20distributed%20broadly%20in%20volunteer%20observation%20networks%3B%20however%2C%20use%20of%20low-cost%20collectors%20necessitates%20understanding%20of%20how%20collector%20characteristics%20and%20configurations%20influence%20measurements%20of%20ice%20accretion.%20A%20study%20was%20conducted%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%20in%20New%20Hampshire%20that%20involved%20spraying%20water%20over%20passive%20ice%20collectors%20during%20freezing%20conditions%20to%20simulate%20ice%20storms%20of%20different%20intensity.%20The%20collectors%20consisted%20of%20plates%20composed%20of%20four%20different%20materials%20and%20installed%20horizontally%3B%20two%20different%20types%20of%20wires%20strung%20horizontally%3B%20and%20rods%20of%20three%20different%20materials%2C%20with%20three%20different%20diameters%2C%20and%20installed%20at%20three%20different%20inclinations.%20Results%20showed%20that%20planar%20ice%20thickness%20on%20plates%20was%202.5%5Cu20133%20times%20as%20great%20as%20the%20radial%20ice%20thickness%20on%20rods%20or%20wires%2C%20which%20is%20consistent%20with%20expectations%20based%20on%20theory%20and%20empirical%20evidence%20from%20previous%20studies.%20Rods%20mounted%20on%20an%20angle%20rather%20than%20horizontally%20reduced%20the%20formation%20of%20icicles%20and%20enabled%20more%20consistent%20measurements.%20Results%20such%20as%20these%20provide%20much%20needed%20information%20for%20comparing%20ice%20accretion%20data.%20Understanding%20of%20relationships%20among%20collector%20configurations%20could%20be%20refined%20further%20by%20collecting%20data%20from%20natural%20ice%20storms%20under%20a%20broader%20range%20of%20weather%20conditions.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fp%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fsection%26gt%3B%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F09%5C%2F09%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22Journal%20of%20Applied%20Meteorology%20and%20Climatology%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2FJAMC-D-19-0280.1%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.ametsoc.org%5C%2Fview%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fapme%5C%2F59%5C%2F9%5C%2FjamcD190280.xml%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221558-8424%2C%201558-8432%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22EN%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A33%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2266ICVVFW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campbell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-06-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCampbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Halm%2C%20I.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Fakhraei%2C%20H.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Hawley%2C%20G.%20J.%2C%20Leuenberger%2C%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schaberg%2C%20P.%20G.%20%282020%29.%20Simulating%20Impacts%20of%20Ice%20Storms%20on%20Forest%20Ecosystems.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Visualized%20Experiments%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%28160%29%2C%2061492.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3791%5C%2F61492%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3791%5C%2F61492%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Simulating%20Impacts%20of%20Ice%20Storms%20on%20Forest%20Ecosystems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Halm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Habibollah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fakhraei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wendy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leuenberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ice%20storms%20can%20have%20profound%20and%20lasting%20effects%20on%20the%20structure%20and%20function%20of%20forest%20ecosystems%20in%20regions%20that%20experience%20freezing%20conditions.%20Current%20models%20suggest%20that%20the%20frequency%20and%20intensity%20of%20ice%20storms%20could%20increase%20over%20the%20coming%20decades%20in%20response%20to%20changes%20in%20climate%2C%20heightening%20interest%20in%20understanding%20their%20impacts.%20Because%20of%20the%20stochastic%20nature%20of%20ice%20storms%20and%20difficulties%20in%20predicting%20when%20and%20where%20they%20will%20occur%2C%20most%20past%20investigations%20of%20the%20ecological%20effects%20of%20ice%20storms%20have%20been%20based%20on%20case%20studies%20following%20major%20storms.%20Since%20intense%20ice%20storms%20are%20exceedingly%20rare%20events%20it%20is%20impractical%20to%20study%20them%20by%20waiting%20for%20their%20natural%20occurrence.%20Here%20we%20present%20a%20novel%20alternative%20experimental%20approach%2C%20involving%20the%20simulation%20of%20glaze%20ice%20events%20on%20forest%20plots%20under%20field%20conditions.%20With%20this%20method%2C%20water%20is%20pumped%20from%20a%20stream%20or%20lake%20and%20sprayed%20above%20the%20forest%20canopy%20when%20air%20temperatures%20are%20below%20freezing.%20The%20water%20rains%20down%20and%20freezes%20upon%20contact%20with%20cold%20surfaces.%20As%20the%20ice%20accumulates%20on%20trees%2C%20the%20boles%20and%20branches%20bend%20and%20break%3B%20damage%20that%20can%20be%20quantified%20through%20comparisons%20with%20untreated%20reference%20stands.%20The%20experimental%20approach%20described%20is%20advantageous%20because%20it%20enables%20control%20over%20the%20timing%20and%20amount%20of%20ice%20applied.%20Creating%20ice%20storms%20of%20different%20frequency%20and%20intensity%20makes%20it%20possible%20to%20identify%20critical%20ecological%20thresholds%20necessary%20for%20predicting%20and%20preparing%20for%20ice%20storm%20impacts.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-6-30%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3791%5C%2F61492%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jove.com%5C%2Fvideo%5C%2F61492%5C%2Fsimulating-impacts-of-ice-storms-on-forest-ecosystems%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221940-087X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A24%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RVECQTPX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Weitzman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-11-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWeitzman%2C%20J.%20N.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Schaberg%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%20%282019%29.%20Ecosystem%20Nitrogen%20Response%20to%20a%20Simulated%20Ice%20Storm%20in%20a%20Northern%20Hardwood%20Forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEcosystems%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10021-019-00463-w%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10021-019-00463-w%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ecosystem%20Nitrogen%20Response%20to%20a%20Simulated%20Ice%20Storm%20in%20a%20Northern%20Hardwood%20Forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julie%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weitzman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ice%20storms%20are%20important%20but%20understudied%20disturbances%20that%20influence%20forest%20structure%20and%20function.%20In%201998%2C%20an%20ice%20storm%20damaged%20forest%20canopies%20and%20led%20to%20increased%20hydrologic%20losses%20of%20nitrogen%20%28N%29%20from%20the%20northern%20hardwood%20forest%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%20%28HBEF%29%2C%20a%20Long-Term%20Ecological%20Research%20%28LTER%29%20site%20in%20New%20Hampshire%2C%20USA.%20To%20evaluate%20the%20mechanisms%20underlying%20this%20response%2C%20we%20experimentally%20simulated%20ice%20storms%20with%20different%20frequencies%20and%20severities%20at%20the%20small%20plot%20scale.%20We%20took%20measurements%20of%20plant%20and%20soil%20variables%20before%20%282015%29%20and%20after%20%282016%2C%202017%29%20treatments%20using%20the%20same%20methods%20used%20in%201998%20with%20a%20focus%20on%20hydrologic%20and%20gaseous%20losses%20of%20reactive%20N%2C%20as%20well%20as%20rates%20of%20soil%20N%20cycle%20processes.%20Nitrogen%20cycle%20responses%20to%20the%20treatments%20were%20insignificant%20and%20less%20marked%20than%20the%20responses%20to%20the%201998%20natural%20ice%20storm.%20Pools%20and%20leaching%20of%20inorganic%20N%2C%20net%20and%20gross%20mineralization%20and%20nitrification%20and%20denitrification%20rates%2C%20and%20soil%20to%20atmosphere%20fluxes%20of%20nitrous%20oxide%20%28N2O%29%20were%20unaffected%20by%20the%20treatments%2C%20in%20contrast%20to%20the%201998%20storm%20which%20caused%20marked%20increases%20in%20leaching%20and%20watershed%20export%20of%20inorganic%20N.%20The%20difference%20in%20response%20may%20be%20a%20manifestation%20of%20N%20oligotrophication%20that%20has%20occurred%20at%20the%20HBEF%20over%20the%20past%2030%5Cu00a0years.%20Results%20suggest%20that%20ecosystem%20response%20to%20disturbances%2C%20such%20as%20ice%20storms%2C%20is%20changing%20due%20to%20aspects%20of%20global%20environmental%20change%2C%20challenging%20our%20ability%20to%20understand%20and%20predict%20the%20effects%20of%20these%20events%20on%20ecosystem%20structure%2C%20function%2C%20and%20services.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-11-21%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10021-019-00463-w%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10021-019-00463-w%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221435-0629%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A55%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NZYXQXKA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fahey%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-11-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BFahey%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Atkins%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Duffy%2C%20M.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schaberg%2C%20P.%20G.%20%282019%29.%20Effects%20of%20an%20experimental%20ice%20storm%20on%20forest%20canopy%20structure.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCanadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B50%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20136%26%23x2013%3B145.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2019-0276%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2019-0276%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effects%20of%20an%20experimental%20ice%20storm%20on%20forest%20canopy%20structure%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeff%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Meghan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Intermediate%20disturbances%20are%20an%20important%20component%20of%20many%20forest%20disturbance%20regimes%2C%20with%20effects%20on%20canopy%20structure%20and%20related%20functions%20that%20are%20highly%20dependent%20on%20the%20nature%20and%20intensity%20of%20the%20perturbation.%20Ice%20storms%20are%20an%20important%20disturbance%20mechanism%20in%20temperate%20forests%20that%20often%20result%20in%20moderate-severity%2C%20diffuse%20canopy%20damage.%20However%2C%20it%20has%20not%20previously%20been%20possible%20to%20distinguish%20the%20specific%20effect%20of%20ice%20storm%20intensity%20%28as%20ice%20accretion%29%20from%20predisturbance%20stand%20characteristics%20and%20physiographic%20factors.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20utilized%20a%20novel%20experimental%20ice%20storm%20treatment%20to%20evaluate%20the%20effects%20of%20variable%20ice%20accretion%20levels%20on%20forest%20canopy%20structure.%20Our%20results%20verified%20significant%20impacts%20of%20ice%20storm%20disturbance%20on%20near-term%20canopy%20structural%20reorganization.%20Canopy%20openness%2C%20light%20transmission%2C%20and%20complexity%20increased%20significantly%20relative%20to%20predisturbance%20baselines%20and%20undisturbed%20controls.%20We%20documented%20variable%20impacts%20with%20disturbance%20intensity%2C%20as%20significant%20canopy%20changes%20largely%20occurred%20with%20ice%20accretion%20levels%20of%20%5Cu226512.7%20mm.%20Repeated%20ice%20storm%20disturbance%20%28two%20consecutive%20years%29%20had%20marginal%2C%20rather%20than%20compounding%2C%20effects%20on%20forest%20canopy%20structure.%20Our%20findings%20are%20relevant%20to%20understanding%20how%20ice%20storms%20can%20affect%20near-term%20forest%20canopy%20structural%20reorganization%20and%20ecosystem%20processes%20and%20add%20to%20a%20growing%20base%20of%20knowledge%20on%20the%20effects%20of%20intermediate%20disturbances%20on%20canopy%20structure.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22November%2015%2C%202019%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2019-0276%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nrcresearchpress.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1139%5C%2Fcjfr-2019-0276%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220045-5067%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A56%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EQNJX3DF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-11-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BYang%2C%20Y.%2C%20Meng%2C%20L.%2C%20Yanai%2C%20R.%20D.%2C%20Montesdeoca%2C%20M.%2C%20Templer%2C%20P.%20H.%2C%20Asbjornsen%2C%20H.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%20%282019%29.%20Climate%20change%20may%20alter%20mercury%20fluxes%20in%20northern%20hardwood%20forests.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiogeochemistry%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B146%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B16.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-019-00605-1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-019-00605-1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Climate%20change%20may%20alter%20mercury%20fluxes%20in%20northern%20hardwood%20forests%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Linghui%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruth%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yanai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montesdeoca%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heidi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Asbjornsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Soils%20are%20the%20largest%20terrestrial%20pool%20of%20mercury%20%28Hg%29%2C%20a%20neurotoxic%20pollutant.%20Pathways%20of%20Hg%20accumulation%20and%20loss%20in%20forest%20soils%20include%20throughfall%2C%20litterfall%2C%20soil%20gas%20fluxes%2C%20and%20leaching%20in%20soil%20solution%2C%20all%20of%20which%20will%20likely%20be%20altered%20under%20changing%20climate.%20We%20took%20advantage%20of%20three%20ongoing%20climate-change%20manipulation%20experiments%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%2C%20New%20Hampshire%2C%20USA%3A%20a%20combined%20growing-season%20warming%20and%20winter%20freeze-thaw%20cycle%20experiment%2C%20a%20throughfall%20exclusion%20to%20mimic%20drought%2C%20and%20a%20simulated%20ice%20storm%20experiment%20to%20examine%20the%20response%20of%20the%20forest%20Hg%20cycle%20to%20climatic%20disturbances.%20Across%20these%20three%20experiments%2C%20we%20compared%20Hg%20inputs%20in%20throughfall%20and%20leaf%20litterfall%20and%20Hg%20outputs%20in%20soil%20gas%20fluxes.%20Soil%20solution%20was%20measured%20only%20in%20the%20simulated%20ice%20storm%20experiment.%20We%20found%20that%20northern%20forest%20soils%20retained%20consistently%20less%20Hg%20by%2016%5Cu201360%25%20in%20the%20three%20climate%20manipulations%20compared%20to%20the%20undisturbed%20controls%20%28~%5Cu20097.4%5Cu00a0%5Cu00b5g%20Hg%20m%5Cu22122%20year%5Cu22121%29%2C%20although%20soils%20across%20all%20three%20experiments%20still%20served%20as%20a%20net%20sink%20for%20Hg.%20Growing-season%20soil%20warming%20and%20combined%20soil%20warming%20and%20winter%20freeze-thaw%20cycles%20had%20little%20effect%20on%20litterfall%20and%20throughfall%20flux%2C%20but%20they%20increased%20soil%20Hg0%20evasion%20by%2031%20and%2035%25%2C%20respectively%2C%20relative%20to%20the%20control%20plots.%20The%20drought%20plots%20had%205%25%20lower%20litterfall%20Hg%20flux%2C%2050%25%20lower%20throughfall%20Hg%20flux%2C%20and%2021%25%20lower%20soil%20Hg0%20evasion%20than%20the%20control%20plots.%20The%20simulated%20ice%20storm%20had%2023%25%20higher%20litterfall%20Hg%20flux%2C%201%25%20higher%20throughfall%20Hg%20flux%2C%2037%25%20higher%20soil%20Hg0%20evasion%2C%20and%20151%25%20higher%20soil%20Hg%20leaching%20than%20the%20control%20plots.%20These%20observations%20suggest%20that%20climate%20changes%20such%20as%20warmer%20soils%20in%20the%20growing%20season%20or%20more%20intense%20ice%20storms%20in%20winter%20are%20likely%20to%20exacerbate%20Hg%20pollution%20by%20releasing%20Hg%20sequestered%20in%20forest%20soils%20via%20evasion%20and%20leaching.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-11-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10533-019-00605-1%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-019-00605-1%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221573-515X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T20%3A57%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Y2KK934T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Marinos%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-11-20%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMarinos%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Likens%2C%20G.%20E.%2C%20McDowell%2C%20W.%20H.%2C%20Rosi%2C%20E.%20J.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bernhardt%2C%20E.%20S.%20%282018%29.%20Give%20and%20Take%3A%20A%20Watershed%20Acid%20Rain%20Mitigation%20Experiment%20Increases%20Baseflow%20Nitrogen%20Retention%20but%20Increases%20Stormflow%20Nitrogen%20Export.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEnvironmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B52%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2822%29%2C%2013155%26%23x2013%3B13165.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.8b03553%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.8b03553%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Give%20and%20Take%3A%20A%20Watershed%20Acid%20Rain%20Mitigation%20Experiment%20Increases%20Baseflow%20Nitrogen%20Retention%20but%20Increases%20Stormflow%20Nitrogen%20Export%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marinos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gene%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Likens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDowell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bernhardt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20many%20temperate%20forested%20watersheds%2C%20hydrologic%20nitrogen%20export%20has%20declined%20substantially%20in%20recent%20decades%2C%20and%20many%20of%20these%20watersheds%20show%20enduring%20effects%20from%20historic%20acid%20deposition.%20A%20watershed%20acid%20remediation%20experiment%20in%20New%20Hampshire%20reversed%20many%20of%20these%20legacy%20effects%20of%20acid%20deposition%20and%20also%20increased%20watershed%20nitrogen%20export%2C%20suggesting%20that%20these%20two%20phenomena%20may%20be%20coupled.%20Here%20we%20examine%20stream%20nitrate%20dynamics%20in%20this%20watershed%20acid%20remediation%20experiment%20for%20indicators%20of%20nitrogen%20saturation%20in%20the%20terrestrial%20and%20aquatic%20ecosystems.%20Post-treatment%2C%20the%20%28positive%29%20slope%20of%20the%20relationship%20between%20nitrate%20concentration%20and%20discharge%20increased%20by%20a%20median%20of%2082%25%20%28p%20%3D%200.004%29.%20This%20resulted%20in%20greater%20flushing%20of%20nitrate%20during%20storm%20events%2C%20a%20key%20indicator%20of%20early%20stage%20nitrogen%20saturation.%20Hysteretic%20behavior%20of%20the%20concentration-discharge%20relationship%20indicated%20that%20the%20mobilization%20of%20soil%20nitrate%20pools%20was%20responsible%20for%20this%20increased%20flushing.%20In%20contrast%20to%20this%20evidence%20for%20nitrogen%20saturation%20in%20the%20terrestrial%20ecosystem%2C%20we%20found%20that%20nitrogen%20uptake%20increased%2C%20post-treatment%2C%20in%20the%20aquatic%20ecosystem%2C%20substantially%20attenuating%20growing-season%20nitrate%20flux%20by%20up%20to%2071.1%25%20%28p%20%3D%200.025%29.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%2C%20as%20forests%20slowly%20recover%20from%20acid%20precipitation%2C%20terrestrial%2C%20and%20aquatic%20ecosystem%20nitrogen%20balance%20may%20be%20substantially%20altered.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22November%2020%2C%202018%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facs.est.8b03553%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.est.8b03553%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220013-936X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TDZS3WXC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Groffman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-05-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGroffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Dur%26%23xE1%3Bn%2C%20J.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Christenson%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Fisk%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20Fuss%2C%20C.%2C%20Likens%2C%20G.%20E.%2C%20Lovett%2C%20G.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Templer%2C%20P.%20H.%20%282018%29.%20Nitrogen%20oligotrophication%20in%20northern%20hardwood%20forests.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiogeochemistry%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B17.%20%28HBR.2018-13%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-018-0445-y%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-018-0445-y%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Nitrogen%20oligotrophication%20in%20northern%20hardwood%20forests%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jorge%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dur%5Cu00e1n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lynn%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christenson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melany%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fisk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fuss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gene%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Likens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lovett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22While%20much%20research%20over%20the%20past%2030%20years%20has%20focused%20on%20the%20deleterious%20effects%20of%20excess%20N%20on%20forests%20and%20associated%20aquatic%20ecosystems%2C%20recent%20declines%20in%20atmospheric%20N%20deposition%20and%20unexplained%20declines%20in%20N%20export%20from%20these%20ecosystems%20have%20raised%20new%20concerns%20about%20N%20oligotrophication%2C%20limitations%20of%20forest%20productivity%2C%20and%20the%20capacity%20for%20forests%20to%20respond%20dynamically%20to%20disturbance%20and%20environmental%20change.%20Here%20we%20show%20multiple%20data%20streams%20from%20long-term%20ecological%20research%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%20in%20New%20Hampshire%2C%20USA%20suggesting%20that%20N%20oligotrophication%20in%20forest%20soils%20is%20driven%20by%20increased%20carbon%20flow%20from%20the%20atmosphere%20through%20soils%20that%20stimulates%20microbial%20immobilization%20of%20N%20and%20decreases%20available%20N%20for%20plants.%20Decreased%20available%20N%20in%20soils%20can%20result%20in%20increased%20N%20resorption%20by%20trees%2C%20which%20reduces%20litterfall%20N%20input%20to%20soils%2C%20further%20limiting%20available%20N%20supply%20and%20leading%20to%20further%20declines%20in%20soil%20N%20availability.%20Moreover%2C%20N%20oligotrophication%20has%20been%20likely%20exacerbated%20by%20changes%20in%20climate%20that%20increase%20the%20length%20of%20the%20growing%20season%20and%20decrease%20production%20of%20available%20N%20by%20mineralization%20during%20both%20winter%20and%20spring.%20These%20results%20suggest%20a%20need%20to%20re-evaluate%20the%20nature%20and%20extent%20of%20N%20cycling%20in%20temperate%20forests%20and%20assess%20how%20changing%20conditions%20will%20influence%20forest%20ecosystem%20response%20to%20multiple%2C%20dynamic%20stresses%20of%20global%20environmental%20change.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F05%5C%2F12%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10533-018-0445-y%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10533-018-0445-y%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220168-2563%2C%201573-515X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A09%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TDM6ULFA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Green%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-05-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGreen%2C%20M.%20B.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Yanai%2C%20R.%20D.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20S.%20W.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20Grant%2C%20N.%2C%20Halm%2C%20I.%2C%20Kelsey%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%20%282018%29.%20Downsizing%20a%20long-term%20precipitation%20network%3A%20Using%20a%20quantitative%20approach%20to%20inform%20difficult%20decisions.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPLOS%20ONE%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285%29%2C%20e0195966.%20%28HBR.2018-12%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0195966%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0195966%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Downsizing%20a%20long-term%20precipitation%20network%3A%20Using%20a%20quantitative%20approach%20to%20inform%20difficult%20decisions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Green%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruth%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yanai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amey%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Halm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kelsey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julia%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-5-7%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0195966%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.plos.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0195966%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LG8C9CJP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Asbjornsen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAsbjornsen%2C%20H.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Jennings%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Vadeboncoeur%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20McIntire%2C%20C.%2C%20Templer%2C%20P.%20H.%2C%20Phillips%2C%20R.%20P.%2C%20Bauerle%2C%20T.%20L.%2C%20Dietze%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20Frey%2C%20S.%20D.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Guerrieri%2C%20R.%2C%20Hanson%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Kelsey%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Knapp%2C%20A.%20K.%2C%20McDowell%2C%20N.%20G.%2C%20Meir%2C%20P.%2C%20Novick%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Ollinger%2C%20S.%20V.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%20%282018%29.%20Guidelines%20and%20considerations%20for%20designing%20field%20experiments%20simulating%20precipitation%20extremes%20in%20forest%20ecosystems.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMethods%20in%20Ecology%20and%20Evolution%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2812%29%2C%202310%26%23x2013%3B2325.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2F2041-210X.13094%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2F2041-210X.13094%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Guidelines%20and%20considerations%20for%20designing%20field%20experiments%20simulating%20precipitation%20extremes%20in%20forest%20ecosystems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heidi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Asbjornsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katie%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jennings%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vadeboncoeur%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cameron%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McIntire%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phillips%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Taryn%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bauerle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dietze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Serita%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rosella%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guerrieri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hanson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kelsey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alan%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Knapp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nathan%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDowell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meir%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kimberly%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Novick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ollinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Will%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pockman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stan%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wullschleger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melinda%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Precipitation%20regimes%20are%20changing%20in%20response%20to%20climate%20change%2C%20yet%20understanding%20of%20how%20forest%20ecosystems%20respond%20to%20extreme%20droughts%20and%20pluvials%20remains%20incomplete.%20As%20future%20precipitation%20extremes%20will%20likely%20fall%20outside%20the%20range%20of%20historical%20variability%2C%20precipitation%20manipulation%20experiments%20%28PMEs%29%20are%20critical%20to%20advancing%20knowledge%20about%20potential%20ecosystem%20responses.%20However%2C%20few%20PMEs%20have%20been%20conducted%20in%20forests%20compared%20to%20short-statured%20ecosystems%2C%20and%20forest%20PMEs%20have%20unique%20design%20requirements%20and%20constraints.%20Moreover%2C%20past%20forest%20PMEs%20have%20lacked%20coordination%2C%20limiting%20cross-site%20comparisons.%20Here%2C%20we%20review%20and%20synthesize%20approaches%2C%20challenges%2C%20and%20opportunities%20for%20conducting%20PMEs%20in%20forests%2C%20with%20the%20goal%20of%20guiding%20design%20decisions%2C%20while%20maximizing%20the%20potential%20for%20coordination.%20We%20reviewed%2063%20forest%20PMEs%20at%2070%20sites%20world-wide.%20Workshops%2C%20meetings%2C%20and%20communications%20with%20experimentalists%20were%20used%20to%20generate%20and%20build%20consensus%20around%20approaches%20for%20addressing%20the%20key%20challenges%20and%20enhancing%20coordination.%20Past%20forest%20PMEs%20employed%20a%20variety%20of%20study%20designs%20related%20to%20treatment%20level%2C%20replication%2C%20plot%20and%20infrastructure%20characteristics%2C%20and%20measurement%20approaches.%20Important%20considerations%20for%20establishing%20new%20forest%20PMEs%20include%3A%20selecting%20appropriate%20treatment%20levels%20to%20reach%20ecological%20thresholds%3B%20balancing%20cost%2C%20logistical%20complexity%2C%20and%20effectiveness%20in%20infrastructure%20design%3B%20and%20preventing%20unintended%20water%20subsidies.%20Response%20variables%20in%20forest%20PMEs%20were%20organized%20into%20three%20broad%20tiers%20reflecting%20increasing%20complexity%20and%20resource%20intensiveness%2C%20with%20the%20first%20tier%20representing%20a%20recommended%20core%20set%20of%20common%20measurements.%20Differences%20in%20site%20conditions%20combined%20with%20unique%20research%20questions%20of%20experimentalists%20necessitate%20careful%20adaptation%20of%20guidelines%20for%20forest%20PMEs%20to%20balance%20local%20objectives%20with%20coordination%20among%20experiments.%20We%20advocate%20adoption%20of%20a%20common%20framework%20for%20coordinating%20forest%20PME%20design%20to%20enhance%20cross-site%20comparability%20and%20advance%20fundamental%20knowledge%20about%20the%20response%20and%20sensitivity%20of%20diverse%20forest%20ecosystems%20to%20precipitation%20extremes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2F2041-210X.13094%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbesjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2F2041-210X.13094%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-210X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A48%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226BQ3C4A4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ellison%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BEllison%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20LeRoy%2C%20C.%20J.%2C%20Landsbergen%2C%20K.%20J.%2C%20Bosanquet%2C%20E.%2C%20Borden%2C%20D.%20B.%2C%20CaraDonna%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Cheney%2C%20K.%2C%20Crystal%26%23x2010%3BOrnelas%2C%20R.%2C%20DeFreece%2C%20A.%2C%20Goralnik%2C%20L.%2C%20Irons%2C%20E.%2C%20Merkle%2C%20B.%20G.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BConnell%2C%20K.%20E.%20B.%2C%20Penick%2C%20C.%20A.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Schulze%2C%20M.%2C%20Waser%2C%20N.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wysong%2C%20L.%20M.%20%282018%29.%20Art%5C%2FScience%20Collaborations%3A%20New%20Explorations%20of%20Ecological%20Systems%2C%20Values%2C%20and%20their%20Feedbacks.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Bulletin%20of%20the%20Ecological%20Society%20of%20America%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B99%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20180%26%23x2013%3B191.%20%28HBR.2018-03%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fbes2.1384%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fbes2.1384%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Art%5C%2FScience%20Collaborations%3A%20New%20Explorations%20of%20Ecological%20Systems%2C%20Values%2C%20and%20their%20Feedbacks%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aaron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ellison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carri%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22LeRoy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kim%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landsbergen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bosanquet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20Buckley%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Borden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22CaraDonna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crystal%5Cu2010Ornelas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ardis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeFreece%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lissy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goralnik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ellie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Irons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bethann%20Garramon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kari%20E.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Connell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Clint%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schulze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nickolas%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Linda%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wysong%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fbes2.1384%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fbes2.1384%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222327-6096%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WVSAKFEG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Templer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-02-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BTempler%2C%20P.%20H.%2C%20Reinmann%2C%20A.%20B.%2C%20Sanders-DeMott%2C%20R.%2C%20Sorensen%2C%20P.%20O.%2C%20Juice%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Bowles%2C%20F.%2C%20Sofen%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Harrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Halm%2C%20I.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Martin%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Grant%2C%20N.%20%282017%29.%20Climate%20Change%20Across%20Seasons%20Experiment%20%28CCASE%29%3A%20A%20new%20method%20for%20simulating%20future%20climate%20in%20seasonally%20snow-covered%20ecosystems.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPLOS%20ONE%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B12%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20e0171928.%20%28HBR.2017-21%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0171928%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0171928%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Climate%20Change%20Across%20Seasons%20Experiment%20%28CCASE%29%3A%20A%20new%20method%20for%20simulating%20future%20climate%20in%20seasonally%20snow-covered%20ecosystems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reinmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanders-DeMott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sorensen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephanie%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juice%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sofen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jamie%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Halm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grant%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Climate%20models%20project%20an%20increase%20in%20mean%20annual%20air%20temperatures%20and%20a%20reduction%20in%20the%20depth%20and%20duration%20of%20winter%20snowpack%20for%20many%20mid%20and%20high%20latitude%20and%20high%20elevation%20seasonally%20snow-covered%20ecosystems%20over%20the%20next%20century.%20The%20combined%20effects%20of%20these%20changes%20in%20climate%20will%20lead%20to%20warmer%20soils%20in%20the%20growing%20season%20and%20increased%20frequency%20of%20soil%20freeze-thaw%20cycles%20%28FTCs%29%20in%20winter%20due%20to%20the%20loss%20of%20a%20continuous%2C%20insulating%20snowpack.%20Previous%20experiments%20have%20warmed%20soils%20or%20removed%20snow%20via%20shoveling%20or%20with%20shelters%20to%20mimic%20projected%20declines%20in%20the%20winter%20snowpack.%20To%20our%20knowledge%2C%20no%20experiment%20has%20examined%20the%20interactive%20effects%20of%20declining%20snowpack%20and%20increased%20frequency%20of%20soil%20FTCs%2C%20combined%20with%20soil%20warming%20in%20the%20snow-free%20season%20on%20terrestrial%20ecosystems.%20In%20addition%2C%20none%20have%20mimicked%20directly%20the%20projected%20increase%20in%20soil%20FTC%20frequency%20in%20tall%20statured%20forests%20that%20is%20expected%20as%20a%20result%20of%20a%20loss%20of%20insulating%20snow%20in%20winter.%20We%20established%20the%20Climate%20Change%20Across%20Seasons%20Experiment%20%28CCASE%29%20at%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%20in%20the%20White%20Mountains%20of%20New%20Hampshire%20in%202012%20to%20assess%20the%20combined%20effects%20of%20these%20changes%20in%20climate%20on%20a%20variety%20of%20pedoclimate%20conditions%2C%20biogeochemical%20processes%2C%20and%20ecology%20of%20northern%20hardwood%20forests.%20This%20paper%20demonstrates%20the%20feasibility%20of%20creating%20soil%20FTC%20events%20in%20a%20tall%20statured%20ecosystem%20in%20winter%20to%20simulate%20the%20projected%20increase%20in%20soil%20FTC%20frequency%20over%20the%20next%20century%20and%20combines%20this%20projected%20change%20in%20winter%20climate%20with%20ecosystem%20warming%20throughout%20the%20snow-free%20season.%20Together%2C%20this%20experiment%20provides%20a%20new%20and%20more%20comprehensive%20approach%20for%20climate%20change%20experiments%20that%20can%20be%20adopted%20in%20other%20seasonally%20snow-covered%20ecosystems%20to%20simulate%20expected%20changes%20resulting%20from%20global%20air%20temperature%20rise.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%2016%2C%202017%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0171928%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.plos.org%5C%2Fplosone%5C%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0171928%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A50%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FEFHJUB7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fahey%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BFahey%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Templer%2C%20P.%20H.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20B.%20T.%2C%20Battles%2C%20J.%20J.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Fusco%2C%20A.%20R.%2C%20Green%2C%20M.%20B.%2C%20Kassam%2C%20K.-A.%20S.%2C%20Rodenhouse%2C%20N.%20L.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Schaberg%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Vadeboncoeur%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282015%29.%20The%20promise%20and%20peril%20of%20intensive-site-based%20ecological%20research%3A%20insights%20from%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20ecosystem%20study.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEcology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B96%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20885%26%23x2013%3B901.%20%28HBR.2015-17%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F14-1043.1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F14-1043.1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20promise%20and%20peril%20of%20intensive-site-based%20ecological%20research%3A%20insights%20from%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20ecosystem%20study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bruce%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Battles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anthony%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fusco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Green%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karim-Aly%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kassam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodenhouse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vadeboncoeur%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ecological%20research%20is%20increasingly%20concentrated%20at%20particular%20locations%20or%20sites.%20This%20trend%20reflects%20a%20variety%20of%20advantages%20of%20intensive%2C%20site-based%20research%2C%20but%20also%20raises%20important%20questions%20about%20the%20nature%20of%20such%20spatially%20delimited%20research%3A%20how%20well%20does%20site%20based%20research%20represent%20broader%20areas%2C%20and%20does%20it%20constrain%20scientific%20discovery%3F%20We%20provide%20an%20overview%20of%20these%20issues%20with%20a%20particular%20focus%20on%20one%20prominent%20intensive%20research%20site%3A%20the%20Hubbard%20Brook%20Experimental%20Forest%20%28HBEF%29%2C%20New%20Hampshire%2C%20USA.%20Among%20the%20key%20features%20of%20intensive%20sites%20are%3A%20long-term%2C%20archived%20data%20sets%20that%20provide%20a%20context%20for%20new%20discoveries%20and%20the%20elucidation%20of%20ecological%20mechanisms%3B%20the%20capacity%20to%20constrain%20inputs%20and%20parameters%2C%20and%20to%20validate%20models%20of%20complex%20ecological%20processes%3B%20and%20the%20intellectual%20cross-fertilization%20among%20disciplines%20in%20ecological%20and%20environmental%20sciences.%20The%20feasibility%20of%20scaling%20up%20ecological%20observations%20from%20intensive%20sites%20depends%20upon%20both%20the%20phenomenon%20of%20interest%20and%20the%20characteristics%20of%20the%20site.%20An%20evaluation%20of%20deviation%20metrics%20for%20the%20HBEF%20illustrates%20that%2C%20in%20some%20respects%2C%20including%20sensitivity%20and%20recovery%20of%20streams%20and%20trees%20from%20acid%20deposition%2C%20this%20site%20is%20representative%20of%20the%20Northern%20Forest%20region%2C%20of%20which%20HBEF%20is%20a%20part.%20However%2C%20the%20mountainous%20terrain%20and%20lack%20of%20significant%20agricultural%20legacy%20make%20the%20HBEF%20among%20the%20least%20disturbed%20sites%20in%20the%20Northern%20Forest%20region.%20Its%20relatively%20cool%2C%20wet%20climate%20contributes%20to%20high%20stream%20flow%20compared%20to%20other%20sites.%20These%20similarities%20and%20differences%20between%20the%20HBEF%20and%20the%20region%20can%20profoundly%20influence%20ecological%20patterns%20and%20processes%20and%20potentially%20limit%20the%20generality%20of%20observations%20at%20this%20and%20other%20intensive%20sites.%20Indeed%2C%20the%20difficulty%20of%20scaling%20up%20may%20be%20greatest%20for%20ecological%20phenomena%20that%20are%20sensitive%20to%20historical%20disturbance%20and%20that%20exhibit%20the%20greatest%20spatiotemporal%20variation%2C%20such%20as%20denitrification%20in%20soils%20and%20the%20dynamics%20of%20bird%20communities.%20Our%20research%20shows%20that%20end%20member%20sites%20for%20some%20processes%20often%20provide%20important%20insights%20into%20the%20behavior%20of%20inherently%20heterogeneous%20ecological%20processes.%20In%20the%20current%20era%20of%20rapid%20environmental%20and%20biological%20change%2C%20key%20ecological%20responses%20at%20intensive%20sites%20will%20reflect%20both%20specific%20local%20drivers%20and%20regional%20trends.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%201%2C%202015%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1890%5C%2F14-1043.1%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.esajournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F14-1043.1%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A24%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PREQE32F%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campbell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCampbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Porter%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Taylor%2C%20J.%20R.%2C%20Dereszynski%2C%20E.%20W.%2C%20Shanley%2C%20J.%20B.%2C%20Gries%2C%20C.%2C%20Henshaw%2C%20D.%20L.%2C%20Martin%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20Sheldon%2C%20W.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Boose%2C%20E.%20R.%20%282013%29.%20Quantity%20is%20Nothing%20without%20Quality%3A%20Automated%20QA%5C%2FQC%20for%20Streaming%20Environmental%20Sensor%20Data.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBioscience%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B63%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%287%29%2C%20574%26%23x2013%3B585.%20%28HBR.2013-11%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1525%5C%2Fbio.2013.63.7.10%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1525%5C%2Fbio.2013.63.7.10%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Quantity%20is%20Nothing%20without%20Quality%3A%20Automated%20QA%5C%2FQC%20for%20Streaming%20Environmental%20Sensor%20Data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Porter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ethan%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dereszynski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corinna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gries%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Donald%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henshaw%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wade%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sheldon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emery%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boose%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sensor%20networks%20are%20revolutionizing%20environmental%20monitoring%20by%20producing%20massive%20quantities%20of%20data%20that%20are%20being%20made%20publically%20available%20in%20near%20real%20time.%20These%20data%20streams%20pose%20a%20challenge%20for%20ecologists%20because%20traditional%20approaches%20to%20quality%20assurance%20and%20quality%20control%20are%20no%20longer%20practical%20when%20confronted%20with%20the%20size%20of%20these%20data%20sets%20and%20the%20demands%20of%20real-time%20processing.%20Automated%20methods%20for%20rapidly%20identifying%20and%20%28ideally%29%20correcting%20problematic%20data%20are%20essential.%20However%2C%20advances%20in%20sensor%20hardware%20have%20outpaced%20those%20in%20software%2C%20creating%20a%20need%20for%20tools%20to%20implement%20automated%20quality%20assurance%20and%20quality%20control%20procedures%2C%20produce%20graphical%20and%20statistical%20summaries%20for%20review%2C%20and%20track%20the%20provenance%20of%20the%20data.%20Use%20of%20automated%20tools%20would%20enhance%20data%20integrity%20and%20reliability%20and%20would%20reduce%20delays%20in%20releasing%20data%20products.%20Development%20of%20community-wide%20standards%20for%20quality%20assurance%20and%20quality%20control%20would%20instill%20confidence%20in%20sensor%20data%20and%20would%20improve%20interoperability%20across%20environmental%20sensor%20networks.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22JUL%20%202013%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1525%5C%2Fbio.2013.63.7.10%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L9PI8TE9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A10384167%2C%22username%22%3A%22ctsolomon%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fctsolomon%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Smithwick%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSmithwick%2C%20E.%20A.%20H.%2C%20Eissenstat%2C%20D.%20M.%2C%20Lovett%2C%20G.%20M.%2C%20Bowden%2C%20R.%20D.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%20%282013%29.%20Root%20stress%20and%20nitrogen%20deposition%3A%20consequences%20and%20research%20priorities.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20New%20Phytologist%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B197%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20712%26%23x2013%3B719.%20%28HBR.2013-41%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Root%20stress%20and%20nitrogen%20deposition%3A%20consequences%20and%20research%20priorities%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Erica%20A%20H%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smithwick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eissenstat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lovett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Stress%20within%20tree%20roots%20may%20influence%20whole-tree%20responses%20to%20nutrient%20deficiencies%20or%20toxic%20ion%20accumulation%2C%20but%20the%20mechanisms%20that%20govern%20root%20responses%20to%20the%20belowground%20chemical%20environment%20are%20poorly%20quantified.%20Currently%2C%20root%20production%20is%20modeled%20using%20rates%20of%20forest%20production%20and%20stoichiometry%2C%20but%20this%20approach%20alone%20may%20be%20insufficient%20to%20forecast%20variability%20in%20forest%20responses%20when%20physical%20and%20chemical%20stressors%20alter%20root%20lifespan%2C%20rooting%20depth%20or%20mycorrhizal%20colonization%20directly.%20Here%2C%20we%20review%20key%20research%20priorities%20for%20improving%20predictions%20of%20tree%20responses%20to%20changes%20in%20the%20belowground%20biogeochemical%20environment%20resulting%20from%20nitrogen%20deposition%2C%20including%3A%20limits%20of%20the%20optimum%20allocation%20paradigm%2C%20root%20physiological%20stress%20and%20lifespan%2C%20contingency%20effects%20that%20determine%20threshold%20responses%20across%20broad%20gradients%2C%20coupled%20water-biogeochemical%20interactions%20on%20roots%2C%20mycorrhizal%20dynamics%20that%20mediate%20root%20resilience%20and%20model%20frameworks%20to%20better%20simulate%20root%20feedbacks%20to%20aboveground%20function.%20We%20conclude%20that%20models%20incorporating%20physiological%20feedbacks%2C%20dynamic%20responses%20to%20coupled%20stressors%2C%20mycorrhizal%20interactions%2C%20and%20which%20challenge%20widely-accepted%20notions%20of%20optimum%20allocation%2C%20can%20elucidate%20potential%20thresholds%20of%20tree%20responses%20to%20biogeochemical%20stressors.%20Emphasis%20on%20comparative%20studies%20across%20species%20and%20environmental%20gradients%2C%20and%20which%20incorporates%20insights%20at%20the%20cellular%20and%20ecosystem%20level%2C%20is%20critical%20for%20forecasting%20whole-tree%20responses%20to%20altered%20biogeochemical%20landscapes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202013%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%2223418632%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221469-8137%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22I4ZTN3IJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Groffman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGroffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Templer%2C%20P.%20H.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Christenson%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Lany%2C%20N.%20K.%2C%20Socci%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Vadeboncoeur%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Schaberg%2C%20P.%20G.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20G.%20F.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Fahey%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Fisk%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20Goodale%2C%20C.%20L.%2C%20Green%2C%20M.%20B.%2C%20Hamburg%2C%20S.%20P.%2C%20Johnson%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20Mitchell%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Morse%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Rodenhouse%2C%20N.%20L.%20%282012%29.%20Long-Term%20Integrated%20Studies%20Show%20Complex%20and%20Surprising%20Effects%20of%20Climate%20Change%20in%20the%20Northern%20Hardwood%20Forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBioScience%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B62%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2812%29%2C%201056%26%23x2013%3B1066.%20%28HBR.2012-21%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1525%5C%2Fbio.2012.62.12.7%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1525%5C%2Fbio.2012.62.12.7%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Long-Term%20Integrated%20Studies%20Show%20Complex%20and%20Surprising%20Effects%20of%20Climate%20Change%20in%20the%20Northern%20Hardwood%20Forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsey%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lynn%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christenson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nina%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lany%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Socci%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vadeboncoeur%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoffrey%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timothy%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melany%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fisk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christine%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Green%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamburg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Myron%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Linda%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pardo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodenhouse%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201%2C%202012%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1525%5C%2Fbio.2012.62.12.7%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bioone.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1525%5C%2Fbio.2012.62.12.7%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220006-3568%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A51%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PS2M6ZZX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rustad%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Campbell%2C%20J.%2C%20Dukes%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Huntington%2C%20T.%2C%20Lambert%2C%20K.%20F.%2C%20Mohan%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rodenhouse%2C%20N.%20%282012%29.%20Changing%20climate%2C%20changing%20forests%3A%20The%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20forests%20of%20the%20northeastern%20United%20States%20and%20eastern%20Canada.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BGen.%20Tech.%20Rep.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNRS-99%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2048.%20%28HBR.2012-11%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Changing%20climate%2C%20changing%20forests%3A%20The%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20forests%20of%20the%20northeastern%20United%20States%20and%20eastern%20Canada%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dukes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huntington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mohan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodenhouse%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T18%3A15%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227LNIEGGB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rustad%20and%20Campbell%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Campbell%2C%20J.%20L.%20%282012%29.%20A%20novel%20ice%20storm%20manipulation%20experiment%20in%20a%20northern%20hardwood%20forest.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCanadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2842%29%2C%201810%26%23x2013%3B1818.%20%28HBR.2012-12%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20novel%20ice%20storm%20manipulation%20experiment%20in%20a%20northern%20hardwood%20forest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T17%3A57%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RT3K3EES%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campbell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCampbell%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Boyer%2C%20E.%20W.%2C%20Christopher%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Fernandez%2C%20I.%20J.%2C%20Groffman%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Houle%2C%20D.%2C%20Kiekbusch%2C%20J.%2C%20Magill%2C%20A.%20H.%2C%20Mitchell%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ollinger%2C%20S.%20V.%20%282009%29.%20Consequences%20of%20climate%20change%20for%20biogeochemical%20cycling%20in%20forets%20of%20northeastern%20North%20America.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCanadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B39%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20264%26%23x2013%3B284.%20%28HBR.09-27%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Consequences%20of%20climate%20change%20for%20biogeochemical%20cycling%20in%20forets%20of%20northeastern%20North%20America%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christopher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fernandez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Houle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiekbusch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Magill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ollinger%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T19%3A42%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226TLRWWBT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4549695%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lovett%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLovett%2C%20G.%20M.%2C%20Burns%2C%20D.%20A.%2C%20Driscoll%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Jenkins%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20Mitchell%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Rustad%2C%20L.%2C%20Shanley%2C%20J.%20B.%2C%20Likens%2C%20G.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Haeuber%2C%20R.%20%282007%29.%20Who%20needs%20environmental%20monitoring%3F%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Ecology%20and%20the%20Environment%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B5%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285%29%2C%20253%26%23x2013%3B260.%20%28HBR.07-17%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Who%20needs%20environmental%20monitoring%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lovett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burns%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driscoll%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jenkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rustad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Likens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haeuber%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22J9HXJ926%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T18%3A13%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Fahey, R., Campbell, J., Rustad, L., Driscoll, C. T., & Schaberg, P. G. (2025). Trajectories of forest composition, structure, and productivity following an experimental ice storm disturbance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2025-0044
Caron, S. B., Campbell, J., Driscoll, C. T., Groffman, P. M., Leonardi, B., Reinmann, A., Rustad, L., Wilson, G., & Templer, P. H. (2025). Shallow snowpack and early snowmelt reduce nitrogen availability in the northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry, 168(3), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-025-01239-2
Caron, S. B., Bailey, A., Cleavitt, N., Driscoll, C., Fahey, T., Groffman, P. M., Leonardi, B., Rustad, L., Wilson, G., & Templer, P. H. (2025). Links between litter quality and nitrogen oligotrophication in a northern hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 55, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2025-0037
Rustad, L., & Leuenberger, W. (2024). Ice Storms: Not as Cool as They Seem. Frontiers for Young Minds. https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2024.1371125/full
Rustad, L., Adams, M. B., Dymond, S. F., Gregory, M., & Miniat, C. F. (2023). Perspectives on the contributions of women to the hydrologic sciences and their changing demographics at USDA Forest Service Experimental Forests and Ranges. Journal of Hydrology, 621, 129469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129469
Yancey, C. E., Juice, S. M., Classen, A. T., Rustad, L., & Adair, E. C. (2023). The impact of ice storms on mycorrhizal fungi varies by season and mycorrhizal type in a hardwood forest. Ecosphere, 14(5), e4526. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4526
Torresan, C., Benito Garzón, M., O’Grady, M., Robson, T. M., Picchi, G., Panzacchi, P., Tomelleri, E., Smith, M., Marshall, J., Wingate, L., Tognetti, R., Rustad, L. E., & Kneeshaw, D. (2021). A new generation of sensors and monitoring tools to support climate-smart forestry practices. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0295
Leuenberger, W., Cohen, J. B., Rustad, L., Wallin, K. F., & Parry, D. (2021). Short-Term Increase in Abundance of Foliage-Gleaning Insectivorous Birds Following Experimental Ice Storms in a Northern Hardwood Forest. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.566376
Swanson, F. J., Foster, D. R., Driscoll, C. T., Thompson, J. R., & Rustad, L. E. (2021). How LTER Site Communities Can Address Major Environmental Challenges. In R. B. Waide & S. E. Kingsland (Eds.), The Challenges of Long Term Ecological Research: A Historical Analysis (pp. 223–241). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66933-1_8
Campbell, J. L., Rustad, L. E., Bailey, S. W., Bernhardt, E. S., Driscoll, C. T., Green, M. B., Groffman, P. M., Lovett, G. M., McDowell, W. H., McGuire, K. J., & Rosi, E. J. (2021). Watershed studies at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Building on a long legacy of research with new approaches and sources of data. Hydrological Processes, 35(1), e14016. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14016
Rustad, L. E., Campbell, J. L., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J., Groffman, P. M., Schaberg, P. G., Hawley, G. J., Halm, I., Bowles, F., Leuenberger, W., Schwaner, G., Winant, G., & Leonardi, B. (2020). Experimental approach and initial forest response to a simulated ice storm experiment in a northern hardwood forest. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0239619. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239619
Campbell, J. L., Rustad, L. E., Garlick, S., Newman, N., Stanovick, J. S., Halm, I., Driscoll, C. T., Barjenbruch, B. L., Burakowski, E., Hilberg, S. D., Sanders, K. J., Shafer, J. C., & Doesken, N. J. (2020). A Comparison of Low-Cost Collector Configurations for Quantifying Ice Accretion. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 59(9), 1429–1442. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0280.1
Campbell, J. L., Rustad, L. E., Driscoll, C. T., Halm, I., Fahey, T. J., Fakhraei, H., Groffman, P. M., Hawley, G. J., Leuenberger, W., & Schaberg, P. G. (2020). Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (160), 61492. https://doi.org/10.3791/61492
Weitzman, J. N., Groffman, P. M., Campbell, J. L., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, R. T., Fahey, T. J., Schaberg, P. G., & Rustad, L. E. (2019). Ecosystem Nitrogen Response to a Simulated Ice Storm in a Northern Hardwood Forest. Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00463-w
Fahey, R. T., Atkins, J. W., Campbell, J. L., Rustad, L. E., Duffy, M., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J., & Schaberg, P. G. (2019). Effects of an experimental ice storm on forest canopy structure. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 50(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0276
Yang, Y., Meng, L., Yanai, R. D., Montesdeoca, M., Templer, P. H., Asbjornsen, H., Rustad, L. E., & Driscoll, C. T. (2019). Climate change may alter mercury fluxes in northern hardwood forests. Biogeochemistry, 146(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00605-1
Marinos, R. E., Campbell, J. L., Driscoll, C. T., Likens, G. E., McDowell, W. H., Rosi, E. J., Rustad, L. E., & Bernhardt, E. S. (2018). Give and Take: A Watershed Acid Rain Mitigation Experiment Increases Baseflow Nitrogen Retention but Increases Stormflow Nitrogen Export. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(22), 13155–13165. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03553
Groffman, P. M., Driscoll, C. T., Durán, J., Campbell, J. L., Christenson, L. M., Fahey, T. J., Fisk, M. C., Fuss, C., Likens, G. E., Lovett, G., Rustad, L., & Templer, P. H. (2018). Nitrogen oligotrophication in northern hardwood forests. Biogeochemistry, 1–17. (HBR.2018-13). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0445-y
Green, M. B., Campbell, J. L., Yanai, R. D., Bailey, S. W., Bailey, A. S., Grant, N., Halm, I., Kelsey, E. P., & Rustad, L. E. (2018). Downsizing a long-term precipitation network: Using a quantitative approach to inform difficult decisions. PLOS ONE, 13(5), e0195966. (HBR.2018-12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195966
Asbjornsen, H., Campbell, J. L., Jennings, K. A., Vadeboncoeur, M. A., McIntire, C., Templer, P. H., Phillips, R. P., Bauerle, T. L., Dietze, M. C., Frey, S. D., Groffman, P. M., Guerrieri, R., Hanson, P. J., Kelsey, E. P., Knapp, A. K., McDowell, N. G., Meir, P., Novick, K. A., Ollinger, S. V., … Rustad, L. E. (2018). Guidelines and considerations for designing field experiments simulating precipitation extremes in forest ecosystems. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(12), 2310–2325. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13094
Ellison, A. M., LeRoy, C. J., Landsbergen, K. J., Bosanquet, E., Borden, D. B., CaraDonna, P. J., Cheney, K., Crystal‐Ornelas, R., DeFreece, A., Goralnik, L., Irons, E., Merkle, B. G., O’Connell, K. E. B., Penick, C. A., Rustad, L., Schulze, M., Waser, N. M., & Wysong, L. M. (2018). Art/Science Collaborations: New Explorations of Ecological Systems, Values, and their Feedbacks. The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 99(2), 180–191. (HBR.2018-03). https://doi.org/10.1002/bes2.1384
Templer, P. H., Reinmann, A. B., Sanders-DeMott, R., Sorensen, P. O., Juice, S. M., Bowles, F., Sofen, L. E., Harrison, J. L., Halm, I., Rustad, L., Martin, M. E., & Grant, N. (2017). Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE): A new method for simulating future climate in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171928. (HBR.2017-21). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171928
Fahey, T. J., Templer, P. H., Anderson, B. T., Battles, J. J., Campbell, J. L., Driscoll, C. T., Fusco, A. R., Green, M. B., Kassam, K.-A. S., Rodenhouse, N. L., Rustad, L., Schaberg, P. G., & Vadeboncoeur, M. A. (2015). The promise and peril of intensive-site-based ecological research: insights from the Hubbard Brook ecosystem study. Ecology, 96(4), 885–901. (HBR.2015-17). https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1043.1
Campbell, J. L., Rustad, L. E., Porter, J. H., Taylor, J. R., Dereszynski, E. W., Shanley, J. B., Gries, C., Henshaw, D. L., Martin, M. E., Sheldon, W. M., & Boose, E. R. (2013). Quantity is Nothing without Quality: Automated QA/QC for Streaming Environmental Sensor Data. Bioscience, 63(7), 574–585. (HBR.2013-11). https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.10
Smithwick, E. A. H., Eissenstat, D. M., Lovett, G. M., Bowden, R. D., Rustad, L. E., & Driscoll, C. T. (2013). Root stress and nitrogen deposition: consequences and research priorities. The New Phytologist, 197(3), 712–719. (HBR.2013-41).
Groffman, P. M., Rustad, L. E., Templer, P. H., Campbell, J. L., Christenson, L. M., Lany, N. K., Socci, A. M., Vadeboncoeur, M. A., Schaberg, P. G., Wilson, G. F., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J., Fisk, M. C., Goodale, C. L., Green, M. B., Hamburg, S. P., Johnson, C. E., Mitchell, M. J., Morse, J. L., … Rodenhouse, N. L. (2012). Long-Term Integrated Studies Show Complex and Surprising Effects of Climate Change in the Northern Hardwood Forest. BioScience, 62(12), 1056–1066. (HBR.2012-21). https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.7
Rustad, L., Campbell, J., Dukes, J. S., Huntington, T., Lambert, K. F., Mohan, J., & Rodenhouse, N. (2012). Changing climate, changing forests: The impacts of climate change on forests of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Gen. Tech. Rep., NRS-99, 48. (HBR.2012-11).
Rustad, L. E., & Campbell, J. L. (2012). A novel ice storm manipulation experiment in a northern hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 9(42), 1810–1818. (HBR.2012-12).
Campbell, J. L., Rustad, L. E., Boyer, E. W., Christopher, S. F., Driscoll, C. T., Fernandez, I. J., Groffman, P. M., Houle, D., Kiekbusch, J., Magill, A. H., Mitchell, M. J., & Ollinger, S. V. (2009). Consequences of climate change for biogeochemical cycling in forets of northeastern North America. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39, 264–284. (HBR.09-27).
Lovett, G. M., Burns, D. A., Driscoll, C. T., Jenkins, J. C., Mitchell, M. J., Rustad, L., Shanley, J. B., Likens, G. E., & Haeuber, R. (2007). Who needs environmental monitoring? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(5), 253–260. (HBR.07-17).